Richard Serra, the visionary artist whose monumental abstract sculptures reshaped museums, public spaces, and landscapes, has passed away at the age of 85. His lawyer, John Silberman, confirmed that Serra died from pneumonia at his home in New York on Tuesday, as reported by the New York Times.

Over a career spanning six decades, Serra carved out a distinguished place for himself in the annals of postwar American art. Working predominantly with steel, his sculptures, often twisted into evocative shapes and oxidized to achieve a distinctive deep orange hue, were not merely objects of observation but experiences to be explored and felt. Serra’s large-scale, site-specific creations, whether integrated into natural landscapes or housed within architectural marvels like the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, invited viewers to interact with their surroundings in novel ways.

Born in San Francisco, California, in 1938, Serra’s affinity for steel was ingrained early on, owing to his upbringing as the son of a shipyard pipe fitter. While studying at the University of California at Berkeley and Santa Barbara, he worked in steel mills to support his education. His formal artistic training began with painting at Yale University in the early 1960s, where he developed friendships with luminaries of the medium such as Philip Guston and Robert Rauschenberg. However, Serra’s inclination towards three-dimensional forms and unconventional materials led him to explore sculptural avenues beyond traditional mediums like paint and canvas.

Upon moving to New York, Serra embarked on experimental sculptural ventures employing rubber and fiberglass before transitioning to his signature material, steel. His early minimalist forays with metal involved precariously splashing molten lead into room corners and balancing steel objects. By the 1970s, his artistic vision expanded, both in terms of scale and setting. Utilizing forged or rolled steel plates and curved slabs, he crafted larger-than-life works that redefined the spaces they inhabited.

Serra’s growing prominence attracted prestigious public commissions, including the iconic “Tilted Arc,” a 120-foot-long installation at New York’s Federal Plaza. However, controversy ensued, leading to its dismantling in 1989 due to public dissent over its impact on pedestrian movement. Yet, this controversy encapsulated Serra’s artistic ethos—his works were meant to engage viewers directly, challenging conventional notions of passive observation.

Throughout subsequent decades, Serra undertook numerous site-specific projects worldwide, transforming urban and rural landscapes alike. From the Serra Sculpture Park in St. Louis, Missouri, to the monumental “Te Tuhirangi Contour” in New Zealand’s Gibbs Farm, his sculptures reshaped public spaces with their distinctive aesthetic and immersive quality.

Serra’s influence extended beyond outdoor environments into architectural and institutional realms. Temporary installations at renowned venues like the Grand Palais in Paris and London’s Tate Gallery invited museum-goers to navigate through and interact with his creations, prioritizing materiality, texture, and visitor experience over metaphorical interpretation.

Recognized with a major retrospective at New York’s Museum of Modern Art in 2007 and numerous awards—including a National Arts Award—Serra’s impact on contemporary art was profound. Honors from countries such as Japan, Spain, and Germany, along with being named a chevalier of the French Legion of Honour in 2015, underscored his global significance.

Richard Serra is survived by his wife, the art historian Clara Weyergraf, leaving behind a legacy of innovation and transformation in the realm of sculptural art.